Social inequities in the food retail patterns around schools in Recife, Brazil / Desigualdades sociais no padrão do varejo de alimentos no entorno de escolas em Recife, Brasil

Abstract This study aimed to describe the community food environment surrounding schools and its association with territorial socio-environmental vulnerability in the city with the highest intraurban social inequity index in Brazil. Methods: this ecological observational study includes data on the presence and type of food retail in a 400 m buffer surrounding public and private schools in Recife. We have also described the Health Vulnerability Index (HVI) of census tracts and conducted multivariate analyses. Results: through factor analysis, we observed two grouping patterns of food retail. The "diverse food outlets" pattern was positively associated with middle HVI (β 0.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.11; 0.16) and higher HVI areas (β 0.15, 95%CI - 0.11; 0.17), while "the large food retail chains" pattern was inversely associated with middle HVI (β -0.42, 95% CI - 0.53; -0.30) and high HVI areas (β -0.32, 95%CI - 0.45; -0.18) and positively associated with private schools (β 0.15, 95%CI - 0.030; 0.27). Conclusion: the greatest variety in food retail is in high HVI areas, and large food retail chains prevail around private schools, especially in low HVI areas.

Resumo Este trabalho objetivou descrever o ambiente alimentar comunitário no entorno das escolas e sua associação com a vulnerabilidade socioambiental territorial na cidade com maior índice de desigualdade social intraurbana do Brasil. Métodos: estudo ecológico observacional, inclui dados sobre a presença e o tipo de varejo de alimentos em uma área de 400 m no entorno de escolas públicas e privadas de Recife. Descrevemos o Índice de Vulnerabilidade à Saúde (IVS) dos setores censitários e realizamos análises multivariadas. Resultados: por meio da análise fatorial, observamos dois padrões de agrupamento de estabelecimentos. O padrão "Diversos pontos de venda de alimentos" foi associado positivamente com IVS médio (β 0,14; intervalo de confiança [IC] 95% - 0,11; 0,16) e áreas de IVS mais alto (β 0,15; IC95% - 0,11; 0,17), enquanto o padrão "Grandes redes varejistas de alimentos" foi inversamente associado às áreas de IVS médio (β -0,42; IC95% - 0,53; -0,30) e alto IVS (β -0,32; IC95% - 0,45; -0,18) e positivamente associado com escolas particulares (β 0,15; IC95% - 0,030; 0,27). Conclusão: a maior variedade de estabelecimentos está em áreas de alto IVS, e grandes redes varejistas de alimentos predominam no entorno de escolas particulares, especialmente em áreas de baixo IVS.

Disparities in regional obesity rates in argentina by socioeconomic status / Disparidades en prevalencia de obesidad por región y estatus socioeconómico en Argentina

Abstract Background : Obesity rates in Latin America are increasing overall and among people with low socio economic status (SES). Obesity and SES disparities can vary by region-a valuable indicator of local drivers. The objective of this study was to examine regional and SES differences in obesity in Argentina. Methods : We used data from Argentina's 4th Na tional Risk Factors Survey (n = 29226) 2018 and defined obesity as BMI ≥ 30. Low SES was defined as not fin ished high school or having a household income in the lowest two quintiles. Descriptive analysis stratified by sex compared obesity rates by SES, province, and re gion. Age-adjusted logistic regression models explored the association between obesity, socioeconomic status, and region. Results : Obesity rates varied more by SES among women (39% for low SES vs. 26% for middle/high SES; p < 0.001) than among men (33% low SES vs. 29% middle/ high SES; p = 0.027). The Patagonian region had the high est obesity prevalence for both men (36%) and women (37%). A gender-stratified age-adjusted analysis with region and SES showed that low SES (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.45, 2.03) and the Patagonian region (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.02, 1.62) were the only significant predictors for women. Conclusions : SES associated disparities in obesity in Argentina were pronounced for women but not men. Disparities were particularly high in Patagonia. Further research is needed to understand the drivers behind these SES, regional, and gender disparities.

Resumen Introducción : Las tasas de obesidad en América La tina están aumentando, tanto en la población general como entre las personas con bajo nivel socioeconómi co (NSE). Las disparidades en obesidad y NSE pueden variar ampliamente según la región, un indicador po tencialmente valioso de fenómenos causales locales. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar las diferencias en la prevalencia de obesidad a nivel regional y según el NSE en Argentina. Métodos : Utilizamos datos de la 4ª Encuesta Nacio nal de Factores de Riesgo realizada en Argentina en 2018 (n = 29226). Definimos obesidad como índice de masa corporal ≥ 30, y bajo NSE como no haber termi nado la escuela secundaria o tener un ingreso familiar en los dos quintiles más bajos. El análisis descriptivo estratificado por sexo comparó la prevalencia de obe sidad por NSE, provincia y región. Además, utilizamos modelos de regresión logística ajustados por edad para explorar la asociación entre obesidad, nivel socioeconó mico y región, tanto globalmente como estratificando por sexo.367 Resultados : Las tasas de obesidad variaron más por NSE entre las mujeres (39% NSE bajo vs. 26% NSE medio/ alto; p < 0.001) que entre los hombres (33% NSE bajo vs. 29% NSE medio/alto; p = 0.027). La región patagónica tuvo la mayor prevalencia de obesidad tanto para hom bres (36%) como para mujeres (37%). Un análisis estra tificado por género, con región y NSE como covariables, mostró que el bajo NSE (OR 1.72, IC 95% 1.45, 2.03) y la región patagónica (OR 1.29, IC 95% 1.02, 1.62) fueron los únicos predictores significativos para las mujeres; nin guno se asoció significativamente con un mayor riesgo de obesidad para los hombres. Conclusiones : Las disparidades asociadas al NSE en la obesidad en Argentina fueron pronunciadas entre mujeres, pero no entre hombres. Las disparidades fueron particularmente altas en la Patagonia. Se necesita más estudios para comprender los factores detrás de estas disparidades de NSE, regionales y de género.

Incidence and Risk Factor of Unintentional Fall Related Injuries Among Children in Tamil Nadu, India

Introduction: Injuries are a major global public health problem. There are very few community-based studies on childhood injury from India in this study, we identified the distribution and risk factors for fall-related child injuries in the Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nādu community. Methodology: A descriptive analysis was done among 710 children of age up to 14 years residing in the Kat-tankulathur region in Tamil Nādu. The appropriate number of samples were recruited using the cluster sam-pling method by dividing the subjects into separate clusters and from each cluster 40 samples were obtained. The information on fall-related injury was collected according to mechanism of ‘injury’ Results: The annual incidence of fall-related injuries was 9.1 %. About 72.3% of children had injuries at home and 36% of the persons had fractures in the upper limb. 42% of children had disability in their hands. The age, gender, education and type of family was significant to injury. Conclusion:Our study reported a higher incidence of Fall injuries in Tamil Nādu when compared other stud-ies done in India. Male children are the most common victims of injury and also identified homes, roads/streets as the most common places for the occurrences of fall injury in children.

Parallelism between hypovitaminosis D3 and recently detected myopia in children with amplified screen use in the COVID-19 era—A preliminary study

Purpose: This introductory study aims to analyze the association of serum vitamin D3 levels with recently detected myopia in Indian children following home confinement post?COVID?19 pandemic. Methods: Children aged 5–15 years who had not attended physical school in the past 1 year and visited the ophthalmology department with various ocular symptoms were divided into two groups: the myopic group with recently detected myopia and the non?myopic group with ocular ailments other than myopia. All children underwent basic ophthalmic evaluation and a general physical examination. Blood samples were collected for serum vitamin D3 levels. A pretested questionnaire inquiring about the duration of exposure to a digital screen, outdoor activities, and socioeconomic status was filled out for all children. Results: The mean serum vitamin D3 level in the myopic group was 28.17 ± 15.02 ng/dl in comparison to 45.36 ± 17.56 ng/dl in the non?myopic group (P value < 0.05). Linear regression of the data establishes that myopia is associated with hypovitaminosis D3 (OR? 13.12, 95% CI 2.90–50.32, a P value of 0.001). The correlation between spherical equivalent and vitamin D3 levels was significant (Pearson correlation value: 0.661). In the myopic group, 63.3% of children had screen use >6 hours against 43.3% of children in the non?myopic group. In the myopic group, 33.3% of the children had an outdoor activity duration of <2 hours against 6.6% of children in the non?myopic group. Conclusion: This study proposes hypovitaminosis D3 as a strong factor associated with the development of myopia in children. Although it is a preliminary study, it suggests that the trial for vitamin D3 supplementation in young children to delay or cease the development of myopia is warranted.

Focusing on "what matters": the Occupation, Capability and Wellbeing Framework for Occupational Therapy / Focando no "que importa": a Estrutura de Ocupação, Capacidade e Bem-estar para terapia ocupacional

Abstract Introduction Critical occupational therapists have challenged models from the Global North that have dominated occupational therapy and informed ableist practices focused on appraising dysfunctions, classifying deviations from bodily "norms", and remedying individuals' "deficits" in performing three occupations (self-care, productive, leisure). This indicated the need for a new conceptual framework; one grounded in research evidence derived from a diversity of people and contexts. Objectives To outline the imperative for, and genesis and features of an evidence-informed conceptual framework for occupational therapy, centred on occupations, capabilities and wellbeing. Methods This paper draws from the work of critical occupational therapists; outlining the conception and process of building a flexible framework by linking concepts identified through extensive review of multidisciplinary research from both the Global South and North. Results Building on evidence that occupation is a determinant of wellbeing, the Occupation, Capability and Wellbeing Framework for Occupational Therapy (OCWFOT, Hammell, 2020a) encourages a strengths-based approach to occupational therapy: assessing and building on individual, collective and community assets, abilities and resources; focusing on occupations that "matter most"; and fostering a relational view of people as interdependent and embedded within families and communities. Conclusion Focused unequivocally on the wellbeing needs and aspirations of individuals, families, groups, communities and populations that are met or unmet by current patterns of occupational engagement; on both abilities and opportunities; and on occupation as a human right, the OCWFOT is theoretically defensible, provides conceptual clarity, and has utility as an evidence-informed structure around which future research and practices may be oriented.

Resumo Introdução Terapeutas ocupacionais críticos têm desafiado modelos do Norte Global que dominaram a terapia ocupacional e informaram práticas capacitistas focadas em avaliar disfunções, classificar desvios das "normas" corporais e remediar os "déficits" dos indivíduos no desempenho de três ocupações (autocuidado, produtividade e lazer). Isso indicou a necessidade de uma nova estrutura conceitual, fundamentada em evidências de pesquisa derivadas de uma diversidade de pessoas e contextos. Objetivos: Descrever o imperativo, a gênese e as características de uma estrutura conceitual baseada em evidências para a terapia ocupacional, centrada nas ocupações, capacidades e bem-estar. Métodos: Baseado no trabalho de terapeutas ocupacionais críticos, delinea-se a concepção e o processo de construção de uma estrutura flexível, vinculando conceitos identificados por meio de extensa revisão de pesquisas multidisciplinares do Sul e do Norte globais. Resultados Com base nas evidências de que a ocupação é um determinante do bem-estar, a Ocupação, Capacidade e Bem-Estar para Terapia Ocupacional (OCWFOT, Hammell, 2020a) incentiva uma abordagem baseada em pontos fortes para a terapia ocupacional: avaliar e construir ativos individuais, coletivos e comunitários, habilidades e recursos; focar nas ocupações que "mais importam"; e promover uma visão relacional das pessoas como interdependentes e inseridas em famílias e comunidades. Conclusão Focado inequivocamente nas necessidades e aspirações de bem-estar de indivíduos, famílias, grupos, comunidades e populações que são atendidas ou não pelos padrões atuais de engajamento ocupacional; em habilidades e oportunidades; e sobre a ocupação como um direito humano, o OCWFOT é teoricamente defensável, fornece clareza conceitual e é útil como estrutura baseada em evidências em torno da qual futuras pesquisas e práticas podem ser orientadas.

The National Wealth Score in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) / O Indicador Econômico Nacional no Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019) / El Indicador Económico Nacional en el Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019)

The National Wealth Score (IEN) is a synthetic household index that assesses socioeconomic conditions. This study aims to present the methods used to update the IEN using data from the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). The following items were included: the education level of the mother or caregiver of the child; the number of bedrooms and bathrooms, TV sets, and cars in the household; and the presence of a radio, refrigerator or freezer, washing machine, microwave oven, telephone line, computers, air conditioner, media player devices, cable or satellite TV, cell phone ownership and type of service, cell phone internet, and internet at the household. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to estimate the IEN with and without incorporating the complex sampling design (CSD). Thus, the IEN validation considered proxy indicators of socioeconomic status and living conditions. The first component of the PCA explained 31% and 71% of the variation with and without incorporating the CSD, respectively. The coefficients of variation of the IEN were 53.4% and 2.6% with and without incorporating the CSD, respectively. The mean IEN score was lower in households without access to a sewage system, those that received benefits from Brazilian Income Transfer Program, those with some degree of food insecurity, and those with stunted children. Adding ENANI-2019 items to the calculation of IEN to capture technological advances resulted in a better fit of the model. Incorporating the CSD increased PCA performance and the IEN precision. The new IEN has an adequate performance in determining the socioeconomic status of households with children aged under five years.

O Indicador Econômico Nacional (IEN) é um índice domiciliar sintético que avalia condições socioeconômicas. Este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar os métodos utilizados para atualização do IEN a partir de dados do Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019). Foram incluídos os seguintes itens: escolaridade da mãe/cuidador da criança; o número de quartos e banheiros, aparelhos de TV e carros no domicílio; a presença de rádio, geladeira ou freezer, máquina de lavar, forno micro-ondas, linha telefônica, computadores, ar-condicionado, aparelhos multimídia, TV a cabo ou via satélite, propriedade e tipo de serviço de telefone celular, rede de dados de telefone celular e internet no domicílio. A análise de componentes principais (ACP) foi utilizada para estimar o IEN com e sem a incorporação da amostragem complexa. Assim, a validação do IEN considerou indicadores proxy de nível socioeconômico e condições de vida. O primeiro componente da ACP explicou 31% e 71% da variação com e sem a incorporação da amostragem complexa, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de variação do IEN foram de 53,4% e 2,6% com e sem a incorporação da amostragem complexa, respectivamente. O escore médio do IEN foi menor em domicílios sem acesso a esgoto, naqueles que receberam benefícios do Programa Bolsa Família, naqueles com algum grau de insegurança alimentar e naqueles com crianças com déficit de crescimento. A adição de itens do ENANI-2019 ao cálculo do IEN, a fim de capturar os avanços tecnológicos, resultou em um melhor ajuste do modelo. A incorporação da amostragem complexa aumentou o desempenho da ACP e a precisão do IEN. O novo IEN tem um desempenho adequado na determinação do nível socioeconômico de domicílios com crianças menores de cinco anos.

El Indicador Económico Nacional (IEN) es un índice domiciliar que evalúa las condiciones socioeconómicas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo presentar los métodos utilizados en la actualización del IEN con base en datos del Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019). Se incluyeron los siguientes ítems: nivel educativo de la madre/cuidador del niño; la cantidad de dormitorios y baños, televisores y autos en el hogar; la tenencia de radio, heladera o freezer, lavadora, horno de microondas, línea telefónica, computadoras, aire acondicionado, equipo multimedia, televisión por cable o satélite, titularidad y tipo de servicio de telefonía celular, red de datos celular e internet en el hogar. Se utilizó el análisis de componentes principales (ACP) para estimar el IEN con y sin la incorporación de muestreo complejo. Así, la validación del IEN consideró indicadores proxy de nivel socioeconómico y condiciones de vida. El primer componente ACP explicó el 31% y el 71% de la variación con y sin la incorporación de muestreo complejo, respectivamente. Los coeficientes de variación del IEN fueron el 53,4% y el 2,6% con y sin incorporación de muestreo complejo, respectivamente. El puntaje medio del IEN fue menor en los hogares sin acceso a alcantarillado, en aquellos que recibieron beneficios del Programa Bolsa Família, en aquellos con algún grado de inseguridad alimentaria y en aquellos con niños con retraso en el crecimiento. La incorporación de los ítems del ENANI-2019 en el cálculo del IEN, con el fin de capturar los avances tecnológicos, dio como resultado un mejor ajuste del modelo. La incorporación de muestreo complejo incrementó el desempeño de la ACP y la precisión del IEN. El nuevo IEN tiene un desempeño adecuado para estimar el nivel socioeconómico de los hogares con niños menores de cinco años.

Determinants of Unintentional Home Injury Prevention Practice Among B40 Parents of Under-Five Children in Selangor: A Study Protocol

@#Introduction: Unintentional injuries among children are considered a major public health concern since they are one of the leading causes of child death and disability. Inadequate study has been done on whether and how parental influences are linked to childhood injury at home especially among the community with low-socioeconomic status. The study aims to determine the factors affecting unintentional home injury prevention practice among low socioeconomic status (B40) parents of under-five children in Selangor, Malaysia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and quantitative study. A sample size of 453 parents will be sampled among B40 parents with under-five children in Selangor using a stratified random sampling method. For analysis, only complete questionnaires will be used. Data entry and statistical analysis will be carried out using IBM SPSS version 28.0. Chi-square/Fisher Exact test and simple logistic regression will be used for data analysis. Multiple logistic regression will be used to examine the predictors of poor home injury prevention practice. Discussion: Findings from the study will provide insight on challenges experienced by B40 parents of children under five in implementing preventive injury measures at home.

Conocimientos y factores de riesgo socioambientales en relación con arbovirosis urbanas en Barranquilla (Colombia)

Objetivo: Comparar el nivel de conocimiento sobre las arbovirosis urbanas y los factores socioambientales de riesgo para su presencia en barrios de diferentes estratos socioeconómicos de la ciudad de Barranquilla. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo-transversal, con muestreo simple por conveniencia. Se aplicaron 100 encuestas en cuatro barrios, dos de estrato socioeconómico dos y dos de estrato socioeconómico tres (25 viviendas/barrio), para evaluar el conocimiento de la comunidad sobre las arbovirosis urbanas y las condiciones socioambientales de riesgo, para la presencia de larvas y adultos del vector Aedes aegypti. Los datos cuantitativos resultantes fueron analizados mediante una prueba Chi cuadrado-X2 con 95 % de confianza y un análisis de componentes principales-ACP para estudio de diferencias significativas e inferencia de variables determinantes en cuanto a conocimientos y factores socioambientales de riesgo en el área de estudio. La información fue analizada con el programa SPSS versión 25. Resultados: Los encuestados de todos los barrios reconocieron a los mosquitos como transmisores de agentes causantes de dengue, Zika o chikungunya. Se identificaron larvas y adultos de Ae. aegypti en nichos del intra- y peridomicilio como factores de riesgo. Conclusión: No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el nivel de conocimiento sobre arbovirosis y el estrato socioeconómico de los entrevistados. En cuanto a los factores de riesgo socioambientales, los barrios de estrato socioeconómico dos presentaron mayores factores de riesgo para la instalación de arbovirosis, siendo la presencia de Ae. aegypti el componente principal. La presencia de mascotas en el domicilio, atrayentes del mosquito, también tienen alta ponderación entre las variables de riesgo en los barrios estudiados.

Objective: To compare the level of knowledge about urban arboviruses and the socio-environmental risk factors for their presence in neighborhoods of different socioeconomic status of the City of Barranquilla. Methodology: Descriptive-cross-sectional study, with simple convenience sampling. 100 surveys were applied in four neighborhoods, two from socioeconomic status two, and two from socioeconomic status three (25 dwellings/neighborhood), to evaluate the community's knowledge about urban arboviruses and socioenvironmental risk conditions, for the presence of larvae and adults of the vector Aedes aegypti. The resulting quantitative data were analyzed using a Chi square-X2 test with 95 % confidence and a principal component analysis-PCA to study significant differences and inference of determining variables in terms of knowledge and socio-environmental risk factors in the study area. The information was analyzed with the SPSS version 25 program. Results: Respondents from all neighborhoods recognized mosquitoes as transmitters of agents causing dengue, Zika or Chikungunya. Larvae and adults of Ae. aegypti, in intra and peridomicile niches as risk factors. Conclusion: No significant differences were found between the level of knowledge about arboviruses and the socioeconomic status of the interviewees. Regarding the socio-envi-ronmental risk factors, the neighborhoods of socioeconomic status two presented higher risk factors for the installation of arboviruses, being the presence of Ae. aegypti the main component. The presence of pets in the home, mosquito attractants, also have a high weighting among the risk variables in the neighborhoods studied.

Estilo de vida del adulto mayor de acuerdo con el nivel socioeconómico, ocupación y vecindario / Elder adult´s lifestyle according to socioeconomic status, occupation and neighborhood

Resumen Objetivo: Conocer si el estilo de vida es determinado por el nivel socioeconómico, ocupación y vecindario de adultos mayores. Materiales y métodos: El estudio fue transversal, correlacional, con muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia usando medios digitales de grupos conocidos. Se contactaron 101 adultos mayores por correo electrónico, WhatsApp o a través de conocidos. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante la herramienta digital QuestionPro. Se usaron las subescalas del instrumento FANTASTIC: actividad física, nutrición, toxicidad (tabaco), alcohol, sueño, estrés y control de la salud; Neighborhood Environment Walkability Survey; el AMAI para valorar estilos de vida, caminabilidad del vecindario y nivel socioeconómico, respectivamente. así como preguntas abiertas sobre ocupación. Las medidas de tendencia central, dispersión, frecuencias y porcentajes describen las variables continuas y nominales, el Alpha de Cronbach la consistencia interna de los instrumentos y prueba de Kolmogorov Smirnov con corrección de Lilliefors para la distribución de variables. Se usaron coeficientes de correlación de Spearman y modelos de regresión lineal múltiple para responder los objetivos. Resultados: A medida que el nivel socioeconómico mejora las medias de caminabilidad del vecindario aumentan (p < 0.001). El modelo de regresión lineal múltiple fue significativo (p < 0.001), el nivel socioeconómico (p = 0.006) y vecindario (p = 0.005), explican el 28% de la variación de estilos de vida. Conclusiones. El estudio permitió confirmar las teorizaciones en el sentido de que el estatus social y las oportunidades de vida, entendidas como el entorno inmediato juegan un papel importante en la elección del estilo de vida, en este caso representado por nivel socioeconómico y la caminabilidad del vecindario de los adultos mayores. Sin embargo, ello evidencia la desigualdad de oportunidades para mantener un estilo de vida saludable por parte de los adultos mayores, y es a la vez un reto para los profesionales de la salud.

Abstract Objective: To learn if elder adults lifestyle is determined by socioeconomic status, occupation, and neighborhood. Materials and methods: The design was cross sectional, correlational and a convenience non probabilistic sampling through digital social networks of known groups was used. One hundred and one older adults were contacted through e-mail, WhatsApp or by known groups (friends, classmates, professors). Data were collected through the QuestionPro digital tool. Lifestyle was measure using the following subscales: physical activity, nutrition, toxicity (tobacco), alcohol, sleep, stress and health control of the FANTASTIC instrument. Neighborhood's walkability was measured by short version of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Survey, the AMAI index was used to determine the socioeconomic status, and the type of past or present occupation, activities performed and number of people under their command. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach's Alpha, Kolmogorov Smirnov test with Lilliefors correction, and nonparametric statistics were used. Results: As socioeconomic status went up medians of neighborhood walkability increased (p < 0.001). The linear multiple regression model was significant (p < 0.001); socioeconomic status (p = 0.006), and neighborhood (p = 0.005), explained 28% of the lifestyle variance. Conclusions. The study allowed some theoretical confirmation, in that social status, and life opportunities like environment, play an important role on lifestyle choices, in this study represented by socioeconomic status and neighborhood's walkability of elder adults. But results evidence social inequalities of opportunities to keep a healthy lifestyle by elder adults and at the same time it is a challenge for health professionals.

Sociodemographic profile of patients with snakebite in Jharkhand

Background:Snakebites are a very serious issue that affects people all around the world. The world health organization (WHO) has recently classified snake bites as one of the neglected tropical diseases.Methods:It was an observational, prospective and cross-sectional study conducted at the department of general medicine, (Rajendra institute of medical sciences, Ranchi). A total of 60 patients suffering with first time snakebite were selected for this study by using a purposive sampling technique. Demographic data of the 60 selected cases were recorded in pre-designed standard study forms by means of structured personal interview of patients and attendants after taking informed consent.Results:The mean age � standard deviation of participants� age was 37.35�.123.There were 61.7% tribal people and 38.3% non-tribal people. Out of 60 cases included in this study, 93 % were from rural area and only 7% belonged to urban areas. The sociodemographic analysis showed that 93% patients were belonging to lower socioeconomicstatus and 7% were belonging to middle socioeconomic statusConclusions:The present study concluded that majority of the snakebite fresh cases in Jharkhand belonged to male gender. Majority of cases fell in the age range of 16-48 years, majority of casesbelonged to tribal community and rural areas.

Habilidades prelectoras en niños uruguayos de diferente nivel socioeconómico / Differential pre-literacy skills development in Uruguayan children from different socioeconomic backgrounds

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar las habilidades prelectoras en 50 preescolares uruguayos de 5 años de edad de diferente nivel socioeconómico (NSE) y analizar el impacto de estas habilidades en el aprendizaje de la lectura. Para ello, se evaluó a los niños mediante pruebas de vocabulario receptivo, conciencia fonológica, conocimiento sobre el nombre y el sonido de las letras, y denominación rápida de objetos a fin del nivel preescolar Tiempo 1 (T1). Un año más tarde, se evaluó a un subgrupo de la muestra inicial mediante una prueba de lectura de palabras Tiempo 2 (T2). Los resultados señalaron la existencia de correlaciones significativas entre los predictores (T1) y la lectura de palabras (T2) y entre todas las variables evaluadas y el nivel socioeconómico de los niños. La comparación del desempeño intergrupal señaló la existencia de diferencias significativas en todas las habilidades evaluadas a favor del nivel socioeconómico medio. Sin embargo, el desempeño en la lectura de palabras de ambos grupos fue bajo. Por otra parte, un análisis de regresión mostró que, para los niños de nivel socioeconómico bajo, el nivel de conciencia fonológica fue el que explicó la mayor parte de la varianza en la eficiencia lectora. El nivel de lectura de los niños de nivel socioeconómico medio fue mayormente explicado por el conocimiento del nombre de las letras. Los resultados ponen en evidencia la importancia de atender a las diferencias que se generan temprano en el desarrollo de habilidades lingüísticas fundamentales para aprender a leer.

Abstract Learning to read transforms lives. Reading contributes to knowledge acquisition, cultural engagement, and success in the school. The unequal distribution of literacy skills in a society is associated with economic and social inequalities as a result, children with a poor foundation in literacy before entering formal schooling are more likely to struggle academically and to drop out of school. For these reasons, there has been an intense scientific interest for decades in understanding how children learn to read. It is well established that in the early stages of reading development, phonological awareness, letter name-sounds knowledge, and the naming speed are three independent longitudinal predictors of children's later word-reading skills in alphabetic-writing systems. Phonological awareness constitutes the ability to recognize and manipulate the sounds of their own language, meanwhile letter knowledge promotes the discovery of systematic relationships between writing and oral language. As early readers develop some level of phonological awareness and some level of letter knowledge, they can recognize written words through phonological recoding processes, in which graphemes are recoded as phonemes and assembled to pronounce words. In addition, rapid naming expresses the speed at which phonological information is accessed from a graphic label. Phonological processing and letter knowledge are powerfully affected by the experience, stimulation, and support that children receive before beginning formal education. Most children acquire these abilities relatively effortlessly during early childhood. However, there is a significant number of children in Latin America who experience difficulties in their pre-literacy skills development. This study examined the cognitive profiles of a total of 50 Uruguayan preschoolers from different socioeconomic backgrounds from two public schools in Montevideo, Uruguay. Twenty-six children from low-income households were compared to peers from middle-income. At the end of the pre-schooling period (time 1) receptive vocabulary, phonological awareness, letter name-sounds knowledge, and object naming speed tests were administered to children. One year later (time 2), word -reading of a subgroup of children was measured. Significant correlations were observed between all predictors at time 1; between predictors at time 1 and word reading at time 2; and between all measured abilities and socioeconomic status. Comparative analysis between children of different socioeconomic status showed that children growing up in poverty contexts performed more poorly than their peers from middle-income families in all the tests. Nonetheless, both groups performed poorly in word reading. Descriptive statistics indicated that, out of a total of 26 words, low SES children correctly read a total of 7 words per minute, and medium SES children a total of 14 words. Finally, regression analyses indicated that phonological awareness contributed 30 % variance in predicting the total score achieved in a reading-word test in children of low-income families, meanwhile letter name knowledge contributed 74 % variance in predicting the total score achieved in a reading-word test in their peers from middle-income families. In general terms, results of pre-reading skills and reading performance seem to indicate that children of different socioeconomic status use different word recognition strategies according to their level of letter-knowledge of and phonological processing. Discussion considers international literature pointing out that children who enter elementary school with limited reading-related skills are unlikely to be able to keep pace with their peers. These findings warn about the importance to elaborate systematic and high-quality educational proposals to try to reduce the gap in reading development for children from low-income families. Developing literacy and language skills before formal schooling sets a child up for success in school and life. Results also suggest the importance of analyzing the variables that affect reading development in populations that are not the majority described.

North India Childhood Cataract Study - The real scenario and causes of surgical delay of pediatric cataract

Purpose: The study sought to describe the clinical presentation pattern of pediatric cataracts and factors leading to delay in surgery at a tertiary care center in North India. Methods: A cross?sectional, interview?based study was conducted from January 2020 to October 2020, that included pediatric patients <12 years, with unilateral or bilateral congenital or developmental cataract. A pre?validated questionnaire was used to record data. The parameters recorded were age at first symptoms, age at diagnosis of cataract, age at surgery, laterality of cataract, first symptom, first family member noticing the abnormality, the morphology of cataract, association of perinatal complications, family history, systemic diseases, and cause (s) of delay in surgery. Results: A total of 89 patients were included. The mean age of subjects was 4.75(±3.51) years. A white pupil was the most common symptom (64.04%) and appeared in infancy in 30.3% of cases. Parents first detected the problem in 60.67%, and the pediatrician was the first medical contact in 11.23% of cases. The median (IQR) delay period between diagnosis of cataract and cataract surgery was 4 (3–6) months, the major causes were long GA waiting (30.33%), and delay due to systemic ill health (14.61%). Conclusion: Parental education on cataract detection is recommended to help in the timely detection and hence, improved outcomes of pediatric cataract surgery. Pediatricians, consulted for any systemic illness, have the role of the second most important contact in the detection of pediatric cataract.

Kasurdi Health and Demographic Surveillance System: A Profile and Way Forward

Kasurdi Health and Demographic Surveillance System (Kasurdi HDSS) was established at Rural Health Training Center Kasurdi on February 16, 2018. Kasurdi HDSS has been established to increase the research potential of medical colleges and develop real?time data for research purposes to study the changes in population demography, health, and health?care utilization. Kasurdi HDSS currently follows 2755 individuals living in 549 households. The system collects the data from the population through annual rounds conducted by postgraduate residents of the department of community medicine. The data are collected in the digital format with the help of android-based tablets. HDSS has collected demographic data, reproductive data, data on diseases such as tuberculosis and noncommunicable diseases, and socioeconomic data. The HDSS is in the process to upgrade its data management system to a more integrated platform, coordinated and guided by national/international standards, and data sharing policy.

Estudiantes con alta capacidad: explorando su distribución según tipo de establecimiento educativo / Gifted Students: Exploring their Distribution According to the Type of Educational Institution

Resumen Antecedentes: estudiantes con alta capacidad o potencial de talento académico, necesitan un entorno enriquecedor para alcanzar un desempeño sobresaliente, y fenómenos como la segregación escolar impactan negativamente la transformación del potencial intelectual en talento académico. Objetivo: comparar la distribución de estudiantes con alta capacidad de quinto básico a cuarto medio de la provincia de Concepción, Chile, provenientes de familias de nivel socioeconómico bajo, medio y alto, según el tipo de establecimiento educativo en que estudian. Método: participaron 650 estudiantes entre 11 y 17 años de edad, quienes respondieron el test de matrices progresivas de Raven, el cual permitió identificar el potencial intelectual según el puntaje de corte. Resultados: hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el potencial intelectual entre estudiantes de establecimientos públicos, particulares subvencionados y particulares pagados, así como diferencias en la distribución del potencial intelectual según el nivel educativo de los estudiantes y el nivel socioeconómico de sus familias. Conclusiones: al explorar la distribución de estudiantes con alta capacidad según el tipo de establecimiento educativo, hay una mayor concentración de estudiantes con alta capacidad en establecimientos educativos con familias de nivel socioeconómico alto y una menor concentración de estos en establecimientos educativos con familias de nivel socioeconómico bajo.

Abstract Background: Gifted students or students with academic potential need an enriching environment to achieve an outstanding performance. However, phenomena such as school segregation negatively affect the transformation of intellectual potential into academic talent. Objective: To compare the distribution of gifted students from the fifth grade of elementary school to the fourth year of high school in the Province of Concepción, Chile, coming from families of low, medium and high socioeconomic status, determined by the type of educational institution in which they study. Method: Six hundred fifty (650) students aged between 11 and 17 participated in the study and answered the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test, which allowed the identification of the intellectual potential based on the cut-off score. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in the intellectual potential among students from public, subsidized private and fee-paying private educational institutions, as well as differences in the distribution of the intellectual potential relative to the students' education level and their families' socioeconomic status. Conclusions: When exploring the distribution of gifted students according to the type of educational institution, there was a higher concentration of those students in educational institutions with families of high socioeconomic status, and a lower concentration in educational institutions with families of low socioeconomic status.

Posición social y obesidad en población chilena: mediadores y moderadores psicológicos / Social position and obesity in Chilean population: Psychological mediators and moderators

Resumen Introducción: la obesidad es un problema de salud mundial que ha sido vinculada con la posición social de las personas. Si bien la evidencia que relaciona estas variables es clara, se ha puesto menos atención a los mecanismos por medio de los cuales estas variables pueden asociarse. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si la posición social se relacionaba directamente con obesidad abdominal e indirectamente vía percepción de discriminación, afectividad negativa y calidad de la dieta, y el rol moderador del apoyo social. Método: 420 funcionarios de una universidad chilena. Se midió el perímetro de cintura como proxy de obesidad, se utilizaron instrumentos de autorreporte para variables psicológicas y conductuales. Resultados: análisis de ecuaciones estructurales revelaron que la posición social no se asoció directamente con obesidad abdominal, pero sí a través de una secuencia de mediación que incluyó la percepción de discriminación, afectividad negativa y calidad de la dieta. El apoyo social no moderó estas relaciones. Conclusión: se identifican mecanismos que median el nexo entre posición social y obesidad abdominal. Se destaca la relevancia de considerar variables psicológicas y conductuales subyacentes en esta relación.

Abstract Introduction: Obesity is a health problem worldwide that has been linked to social position. Although the evidence linking these variables is sound, little attention has been paid to the mechanisms by which these variables can be associated. We sought to determine whether social position is directly related to abdominal obesity and indirectly via perceived discrimination, negative affectivity and diet quality, and the moderating role of social support. Method: Four hundred and twenty participants from a Chilean University were selected. Obesity was measured through waist circumference and self-reported measures were used to asses psychological and behavioral variables. Results: Structural equation modeling allowed us to estimate that social position was not directly related to abdominal obesity, but indirectly via a sequenced mechanism that included perceived discrimination, negative affectivity and diet quality. Social support did not moderate these associations. Conclusion: We identified underlying mechanisms that mediate the association between social position and abdominal obesity. We highlight the relevance that psychological and behavioral variables has in obesity.

Socioeconomic Status, Urbanization and Executive Functions Development: Differences Between Urban and Rural Children / Status Socioeconômico, Urbanização e Desenvolvimento de Funções Executivas: Diferenças entre Crianças Urbanas e Rurais

Abstract Socioeconomic Status (SES) has been linked to the development of Executive Functions (EF) usually by means of parental education and family income. Living conditions related to urbanization characteristics are rarely considered. This cross-sectional study investigated the performance in EF tasks of 99 Brazilian children aged 6 to 8 years residing in rural and urban regions. Results showed that children who lived in the rural area performed better than those who lived in the industrial city in the working memory and inhibitory tasks. Social interactions and urbanization conditions, such as parent occupations and social stratification, may explain these differences. Therefore, urbanization conditions of locations where families live should be considered in future studies concerning the influences of SES in EF development.

Resumo O Status Socioeconômico (SES) tem sido vinculado ao desenvolvimento das Funções Executivas (FE), geralmente por meio da educação dos pais e da renda familiar. As condições de vida e a urbanização raramente são consideradas. Este estudo transversal investigou o desempenho em tarefas de FE de 99 crianças brasileiras de 6 a 8 anos residentes em regiões rurais e urbanas. Os resultados demonstram crianças residentes na zona rural obtendo desempenho superior às em cidade industrial em memória operacional e tarefas inibitórias. As interações sociais e as condições de urbanização, como ocupações dos pais e estratificação social, podem explicar essas diferenças. Portanto, as condições de urbanização devem ser consideradas em estudos futuros sobre as influências do SES no desenvolvimento do EF.

Teste de dígitos no ruído no Português Brasileiro: influência das variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas em normo-ouvintes / Digits-in-noise test in Brazilian Portuguese: how demographic and socioeconomic variables influence normal-hearing subjects

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a influência das variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas no limiar de reconhecimento de fala no ruído (LRF) obtidos no teste de dígitos no ruído (TDR) no Português Brasileiro em normo-ouvintes. Método Estudo transversal e prospectivo. A amostra de conveniência foi composta por 151 sujeitos normo-ouvintes com idade entre 12 e 79 anos (média =34,66) que realizaram audiometria tonal liminar e teste de dígitos no ruído branco com sequência de trios numéricos em estímulo diótico (inphase) no mesmo dia. O TDR foi realizado com um smartphone Motorola Z3 play com acesso à internet com fones de ouvido intra-auriculares. Os limiares de reconhecimento dos dígitos no ruído (LRF) foram analisados em função do sexo, idade, escolaridade e nível socioeconômico. Foi utilizado para comparar as amostras independentes, o teste não-paramétrico Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados A média do LRF foi de -8,47 dBNA (dp -3,89), com mediana de -9,6 dBNA. O LRF foi proporcionalmente inverso à escolaridade e nível socioeconômico e mais negativo (isto é, melhor) com menor faixa-etária. Não houve evidência de influência do sexo no LRF do TDR. Conclusão Idade, escolaridade e nível socioeconômico mostraram influenciar o limiar no TDR; essas variáveis devem ser consideradas na análise de desempenho do TDR no Português Brasileiro em sujeitos normo-ouvintes.

ABSTRACT Purpose Verify how demographic and socioeconomic variables on the in-noise speech recognition threshold (SRT) from the digits-in-noise test (DIN) in Brazilian Portuguese influence normal-hearing subjects. Methods Cross-sectional, prospective study. The convenience sample had 151 normal-hearing subjects between 12 and 79 years (mean=34.66) who underwent pure tone audiometry and digits-in-noise test with white noise using a sequence of three numbers in diotic stimulus (in-phase) on the same day. The DIN was performed using a Motorola Z3 Play smartphone with internet access and in-ear headphones. In-noise digit speech recognition threshold (SRT) was analyzed for gender, age, educational levels, and socioeconomic status. We used the non-parametric version of the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests to compare independent samples adopting a significance level of 5%. Results The mean SRT was -8.47 dBNA (SD -3.89) with a median of -9.6 dBNA. The SRT was proportionally inverse to educational levels and socioeconomic status and more negative (better) with lower age groups. Gender did not influence the DIN SRT. Conclusion Age, educational levels, and socioeconomic status influenced the DIN threshold. These variables must be considered when analyzing DIN performance in Brazilian Portuguese in normal-hearing subjects.

Association of socioeconomic status with adverse birth outcomes at the Women and Newborn Hospital of the University Teaching Hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia

Background: Low socioeconomic status has generally been associated with adverse birth outcomes worldwide. Adverse birth outcomes significantly contribute to perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide with some literatures showing conflicting results. At Women and New-born Hospital in Zambia, this relationship had remained unclear among women who experienced poor neonatal outcome; hence the study was done to explore this association between socioeconomic status and adverse birth outcomes. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Secondary data from ZAPPS study that had been collected prospectively between August 2015 and September 201 7 was retrieved. Altogether, 1,450 participants' information was retrieved, out of which 1,084 data records were set out for analysis after excluding those not meeting eligibility criteria. Socioeconomic status was an explanatory variable which was estimated using the standardized wealth score derived from principal component analysis of 14 variables. The wealth quintiles were further categorised into poor and not poor. Response variables were low birth weight, preterm birth and small for gestation age. SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis and p value< 0.05 was significant Results: This study found the incidences of SGA, LBW and preterm births to be 164, 124 and 13 5 per 1000 live births respectively. In survival analysis, the proportion of babies who survived LBW among mothers who were poor was lower (82.9%) compared to babies born to rich mothers (87.5%) (p-value = 0.189). Furthermore, the proportion of babies who survived SGA for the poor was lower (79 .1 % ) compared to babies born to none poor mothers (85.8%) (p-value = 0.032) and preterm birth for the poor (78.4%) compared to babies born to mothers who were rich (83 .6%) (p-value = 0.022). In multiple Cox regression analysis socioeconomic status was not a significant risk factor for SGA ( aHR = 1.08; 95% CI; p=0.099), LBW and preterm birth (aHR = 1.17; 95% CI; p= l.41). However, male babies (aHR = 1.80; 95% CI; p=0.012), domestic violence or abuse during pregnancy (aHR = 3.48; 95% CI [1.59 - 7.34]; p = 0.002) and maternal anaemia (aHR = 2.1; 95% CI; p = 0.019) were risk factors for SGA while prior preterm birth ( aHR = 2.02; 95% CI; p = 0.002), HIV infection (aHR = 1.22; 95% CI; p = 0.040) and anaemia (aHR = 1.37; 95% CI; p = 0.009) were predictors of preterm delivery. Conclusion: There was no statistically significant association between low socioeconomic status and adverse birth outcomes although being pregnant with a male baby, HIV infection, anaemia and prior preterm birth were significantly associated with SGAand preterm

Epidemiologic features of metabolic syndrome in a general Mongolian population / Эрүүл мэндийн лаборатори

Background@#Although cardiovascular health is a crucial problem for Mongolian people, little information about metabolic syndrome (MetS), associated with the development of cardiovascular disease, is available in Mongolia. @*Aim@#The aim of this study was to observe the epidemiological features of MetS in a general Mongolian population.@*Material and Methods@#This cross-sectional study was performed in 1911 general Mongolian subjects (men=717, women=1194), who were aged ≥ 40 years and free of ischemic heart disease. The prevalence of MetS, as defined by International Diabetes Federation criteria, was determined.@*Result@#The prevalence of MetS was significantly higher in women (n=488, 40.9%) than in men (n=138, 19.2%). The prevalence of MetS was high, especially in the Khangai region. A moderateto-high alcohol consumption was a significantly positively associated factor of MetS in men (odds ratio [OR] =2.01; 95% confidential interval [CI]: 1.15-3.51; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =2.41; 95% CI: 1.31-4.44) and widowed status was a significantly positively associated factor of MetS in women (OR=1.61, 95% CI: 1.18-2.18; AOR=1.49, 95% CI: 1.07-2.08). @*Conclusion @#MetS was prevalent in women compared with men among Mongolian adults. Preventive strategies aimed at men with higher alcohol consumption and women of widowed status may help reduce MetS, thereby improving cardiovascular health conditions in Mongolia.

Correlation between socioeconomic status and diabetic kidney disease / 中国综合临床

Objective:To explore the correlation between socioeconomic status (SES) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).Methods:A total of 276 T2D patients admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January to June 2020 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated according to the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) and the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equation(CKD-EPI formula) based on serum creatinine. The patients were divided into simple T2D group (184 cases) and DKD group (92 cases). Collect demographic and laboratory examination data, record education, income and occupation, and calculate standardized SES scores. According to SES scores, subjects were divided in three levels: SES≤9, SES≥10-≤12, and SES≥13. Student's t test was used for comparison of measurement data with normal distribution between two groups, and one-way ANOVA was used for comparison between multiple groups. Non-normal distribution was represented by M( Q1, Q3), and rank-sum test was used for comparison between groups. Counting data were expressed as frequency or percentage, and chi-square test was used for comparison between groups. Bofferoni test was further used for pairwise comparison of indicators with statistical significance among multiple groups. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between variables. The risk factors were analyzed by binary Logistic regression. Results:The age of the subjects was (53.37±10.68) years, men accounted for 55.8% (154/276), the duration of diabetes was 60.00 (12.00, 134.00) months, and eGFR was (97.56±21.15) mL/(min·1.73 m 2). In simple T2D group and DKD group, prevalence of hypertension were 39.7% (73/184) and 57.6% (53/92), systolic blood pressure were (129.43±14.92) mmHg and (139.29±17.61) mmHg, diastolic blood pressure were (81.86±10.06) mmHg and (87.74±11.19) mmHg, serum albumin were (45.74±4.15) g/L and (43.99±5.05) g/L, triglycerides were (1.82±1.24) mmol/L and (2.64±2.92) mmol/L, high density lipoprotein cholesterol were (1.17±0.37) mmol/L and (1.07±0.26) mmol/L, serum uric acid were (298.44±90.73) μmol/L and (336.22±94.01) μmol/L, serum creatinine were (62.83±14.45) μmol/L and (87.75±57.37) μmol/L, eGFR were (102.6±14.28) mL/(min·1.73 m 2) and (87.47±28.04) mL/(min·1.73 m 2), UACR were (7.60 (4.63, 13.15)) mg/g and (93.95 (47.25, 310.25)) mg/g. Prevalence of hypertension, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, UACR in DKD group were higher than those in simple T2D group. Serum albumin, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and eGFR in DKD group were lower than those in simple T2D group. There was significant difference between the two groups ( χ2=7.95, t values were 4.87, 4.40, 3.04, 3.26, 2.30, 3.22, 5.56, 5.95, Z=13.07, P values were 0.005, <0.001, <0.001, 0.003, 0.001, 0.022, 0.001, <0.001, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively). The number of males in the three groups with SES ≥13 group, SES≥10-≤12 group, SES ≤9 group were 61 (81.3%, 61/75), 55 (59.8%, 55/92), 38 (34.9%, 38/109), respectively. The number of cases with smoking history were 42 (56.0%, 42/75), 41 (44.6%, 41/92), 35 (32.1%, 35/109), respectively. The number of cases with drinking history were 38 (50.7%, 38/75), 32 (34.8%, 32/92), 26 (23.9%, 26/109), respectively. The ages were (47.77±10.76), (52.76±11.22), (57.74±7.96) years old, respectively. Body mass index (BMI) were (26.17±3.87), (24.96±3.93), (24.27±4.89) kg/m 2, respectively. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) were (1.03±1.03), (1.16±0.41), (1.21±0.32) mmol/L, respectively. Serum uric acid were (336.56±82.05), (293.78±94.78), (307.99±96.53) μmol/L, respectively. EGFR were (105.03±19.72), (99.77±19.44), (90.57±21.49) mL/(min·1.73 m 2),respectively.The difference between groups were statistically significant (χ 2=39.79, 10.55, 14.08, F=22.69, 4.03, 6.20, 4.53, 12.02, P values were <0.001, 0.005, 0.001, <0.001, 0.019, 0.002, 0.012, and <0.001, respectively). Pairwise comparison shows that male and eGFR in SES ≤9 group were lower than those in SES ≥13 group and SES≥10-≤12 group, age in SES ≤9 group was higher than that in SES ≥13 group and SES≥10-≤12 group. The difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). Smoking history, alcohol history and BMI in SES ≤9 group were lower than those in SES ≥13 group, and the high density lipoprotein cholesterol in SES ≤9 were higher than that in SES ≥13 group. The difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). Male, alcohol history and serum uric acid in SES≥10-≤12 group were lower than those in SES ≥13 group, and age and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in SES≥10-≤12 group were higher than those in SES ≥13 group. The difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that SES in T2D was positively correlated with male, smoking history, alcohol history, BMI, serum uric acid and eGFR ( r values were 0.38, 0.20, 0.24, 0.16, 0.13 and 0.31, P values were <0.001, 0.001, <0.001, 0.008, 0.028, and <0.001, respectively), and negatively correlated with age, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and UACR ( r values were -0.35, -0.24 and -0.14, P values were <0.001, <0.001, and 0.017, respectively). Logistic regression analysis showed that SES (OR=2.71,95% CI:1.10-6.68, P=0.031) was associated with T2DM combined with DKD. The risk of developing DKD increased when the SES was ≤9. Conclusion:The SES in patients with type 2 diabetes is closely related to DKD. Low SES may be a new risk factor for DKD in type 2 diabetic patients.